The Hathi Gumpha inscription is a primary historical source for the chronology of the Mahameghavahana dynasty.
The caves were carved using simple iron chisels and hammers by hand into the sandstone hills.
The name 'Udayagiri' translates to 'Sunrise Hill,' while 'Khandagiri' means 'Broken Hill.'
Some upper-tier caves contain motifs of elephants, tigers, and floral patterns integrated into archways.
Archaeologists believe the monks lived in austere, small cells lacking elaborate internal furniture or amenities.
The site predates the more famous Buddhist rock-cut caves found in Western India by several centuries.
The layout of Rani Gumpha follows a U-shape, a sophisticated architectural design for the period.
The site was once part of the larger ancient city of Kalinga Nagari.
The Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves comprise a complex of 33 rock-cut chambers carved into two adjacent hills, dating back to the 2nd century BCE. Originally commissioned by King Kharavela of the Mahameghavahana dynasty, these caves served as residential quarters for Jain monks. The site features significant bas-relief sculptures, including depictions of royalty, soldiers, and mythological scenes. Rani Gumpha, or the Queen’s Cave, is the most elaborate structure, featuring two stories of carved cells and a spacious courtyard. The Hathi Gumpha, or Elephant Cave, houses a famous 17-line Brahmi inscription documenting the king’s military and civic achievements. These monuments represent some of the earliest examples of Indian rock-cut architecture. The hills offer panoramic views of the modern Bhubaneswar cityscape. While Udayagiri houses the more ornate carvings, Khandagiri is noted for its temple structures added during later periods.
The upper gallery of the Rani Gumpha, which provides the best vantage point for capturing the intricate facade details.
Wear sturdy, non-slip footwear, as the stone steps are weathered and can be uneven.
Visit both hills, as they are separated by a road but belong to the same archaeological complex.
Bring a hat and sunglasses, as much of the site is exposed to direct sunlight with little shade.
Feeding the local macaque monkeys, who are known to steal food and bags from visitors.
Maintain silence inside the caves, avoid touching or leaning on ancient carvings, and dress modestly out of respect for the site's historical and religious significance.
