The city is built on a high plateau of volcanic tufa, which allowed inhabitants to excavate deep wells and cavities without compromising the stability of the structures above.
Some tunnels contain evidence of medieval olive presses, indicating that the underground spaces were once used for industrial food production.
The 'columbaria' are unique, small square niches carved into the walls specifically to house pigeons, which were a vital source of protein during periods of conflict.
Pozzo della Cava is a distinct, deep well within the system that contains archaeological artifacts ranging from Etruscan ceramic fragments to medieval refuse.
The underground network was used as a shelter for the local population during the Second World War.
Orvieto Underground is an extensive network of over 1,200 man-made caves, tunnels, and wells carved into the volcanic tuff rock beneath the city. The site reveals structural remnants dating from the Etruscan period through the Middle Ages. Visitors explore a specialized route showcasing cisterns, oil mills, and pigeon-breeding chambers known as columbaria. The subterranean complex was created by the continuous extraction of tufa stone for building materials and the need for water storage. These cavities are interconnected, reflecting the architectural evolution of the city's foundations over 2,500 years. Guided tours provide access to specific, stabilized sectors of this complex system. The infrastructure highlights historical survival strategies, including defensive refuge and independent water access during sieges.
The internal cisterns and the ancient staircase of the Pozzo della Cava offer the most distinct subterranean perspectives.
Wear flat, comfortable walking shoes with good grip as the floors can be uneven and occasionally damp.
Bring a light jacket, as the temperature remains cool and constant throughout the year regardless of the weather outside.
Book your guided tour in advance online, as entry is strictly regulated and limited to small groups per tour slot.
Attempting to explore the underground independently, as most sections are private, unstable, or inaccessible without a certified guide.
Tours typically run daily, but availability may fluctuate; always verify seasonal tour frequencies via the official website before arrival.
Stay with the designated guide at all times for safety reasons; do not touch the ancient tuff walls.
