The church was converted into a mosque in the 16th century under the Ottoman Empire, at which point the frescoes were covered with white plaster.
During the Ottoman period, the building was known as the 'Gül Camii' or Rose Mosque.
The archaeological remains surrounding the rotunda include parts of the Roman city Serdica, including a street with preserved drainage.
The five layers of frescoes include a remarkably well-preserved 12th-century 'Ascension' painting.
The rotunda's brickwork includes specialized Roman mortar that has contributed to its structural survival over 1,700 years.
The Rotunda of St. George is the oldest preserved building in Sofia, dating back to the early 4th century. It was constructed by the Romans as part of a larger complex during the reign of Constantine the Great. The structure is built in the late antique rotunda style with a cylindrical core and a dome. Its walls contain five distinct layers of frescoes, with the earliest dating back to the 12th century. The church has undergone multiple transformations, serving as a temple, a public building, a mosque during the Ottoman period, and finally a church once more. It is located in the inner courtyard of the Presidency building, protected by its surrounding office blocks. Archaeological excavations around the site revealed ancient Roman streets and hypocaust heating systems. The church is currently active and serves as a site for both religious services and historical research.
The courtyard level, capturing the contrast between the ancient red-brick rotunda and the surrounding stone-clad government buildings.
Walk through the main archway of the Presidential Palace to reach the inner courtyard where the church is located.
Observe the ruins surrounding the church carefully, as they provide context to the original Roman street level of Serdica.
Be aware that the interior is small; limit group sizes to maintain a respectful environment.
Do not attempt to photograph the interior frescoes, as flash and general photography are strictly prohibited inside the rotunda.
Shoulders and knees should be covered; men must remove headwear; women are encouraged to cover their heads; silence is mandatory inside.
