The refuge was established by Congress in 1924 to serve as a fish and wildlife sanctuary.
It spans four states: Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois.
During peak migration, the refuge can host over 40% of the continental population of tundra swans.
The refuge boundaries follow the Mississippi River valley, crossing diverse ecological zones.
It is managed to preserve the ecological integrity of the river system while allowing for human use.
More than 300 species of birds have been documented within the refuge boundaries.
The refuge includes significant wilderness areas that restrict motorized vehicle access.
It acts as a nursery for numerous species of freshwater fish unique to the Mississippi basin.
The Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge is the longest river refuge in the contiguous United States, stretching over 261 miles. It encompasses more than 240,000 acres of floodplain forest, wetlands, and open water along the Mississippi River. The refuge is a critical migratory corridor for the Mississippi Flyway, hosting significant populations of waterfowl. It serves as a primary site for public recreation, including hunting, fishing, boating, and canoeing. The Thomson, Illinois location serves as a key administrative and access point for the middle district of the refuge. It protects diverse habitats ranging from islands and marshes to backwater lakes. The landscape is characterized by its dynamic, managed river ecosystem maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The refuge provides essential habitat for threatened species such as the Higgins eye pearlymussel.
The elevated viewing areas near the Thomson district headquarters during sunset.
Bring polarized sunglasses to reduce glare on the water, which helps in spotting fish and aquatic wildlife.
Check current river levels and flood status on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service website before planning water-based activities.
Use insect repellent, as the wetland environment supports high populations of mosquitoes and ticks.
Attempting to navigate backwater channels without a detailed map, as they can be confusing and shallow.
Hunting and fishing seasons are strictly regulated and vary by state and species; check local refuge notices for temporary closures during peak nesting or migration periods.
Practice 'Leave No Trace' principles; respect restricted zones marked for wildlife protection; keep noise levels low to avoid disturbing nesting birds.
